Pinealon Technical Specification Sheet
Molecular Properties
| Parameter |
Value |
| Chemical Name |
Pinealon / EDR Tripeptide |
| Amino Acid Sequence |
Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) |
| Molecular Formula |
C₁₆H₂₈N₆O₈ |
| Molecular Weight |
432.43 g/mol |
| CAS Number |
Not assigned (research peptide bioregulator) |
| Sequence Length |
3 amino acids (tripeptide) |
| Bioregulator Class |
Brain/CNS peptide bioregulator; neuroprotective agent |
Physical Properties
| Property |
Specification |
| Appearance |
White to off-white lyophilized powder |
| Solubility |
Freely soluble in water, PBS, or saline at ≥5 mg/mL |
| pH (1% solution) |
4.5 - 6.5 (acidic due to Glu/Asp residues) |
| Hygroscopicity |
Low to moderate; standard desiccated storage |
| Solution Stability |
Stable at 4°C for 14-21 days; excellent stability as short peptide |
Analytical Specifications
| Test |
Specification |
| HPLC Purity |
≥98.0% |
| Mass Spectrometry |
Confirmed [M+H]⁺ = 432.43 ± 0.3 Da |
| Peptide Content |
≥95% (by amino acid analysis) |
| Endotoxin Level |
<1.0 EU/mg |
| Acetate Content |
≤5% |
| TFA Content |
≤0.1% |
| Water Content |
≤5% (Karl Fischer) |
Storage Parameters
| Condition |
Specification |
| Lyophilized Storage |
-20°C, desiccated (room temp short-term acceptable due to stability) |
| Lyophilized Shelf Life |
36 months when stored properly at -20°C |
| Reconstituted Storage |
2-8°C for up to 21 days; -20°C for up to 6 months |
| Reconstitution Protocol |
Add 1.0 mL sterile water or bacteriostatic water to 5 mg vial; vortex 15-30 seconds |
| Freeze-Thaw Cycles |
Tolerates 5+ cycles; tripeptide highly stable |
| Light Sensitivity |
Minimal; standard laboratory storage acceptable |
Research Dosing Reference
| Application |
Typical Dose Range |
Frequency |
Route |
| In Vitro Neuronal Culture |
1-100 μM |
Daily media change or continuous exposure |
Culture media |
| Small Animal Models (Rodent) |
0.1-1 mg/kg |
Daily for 10-20 days |
SC, IP, intranasal |
| Neuroprotection Studies |
0.5-2 mg/kg |
Once daily, cyclic protocols (10 days on, 10 off) |
SC or IP preferred |
| Cognitive Function Research |
0.25-1 mg/kg |
Daily for 14-28 days |
SC or intranasal |
Note: Dosing information is for research reference only. Pinealon is intended strictly for laboratory research. Cyclic administration common in bioregulator research protocols.
Key Research Studies
| Year |
Study Focus |
Key Findings |
| 2001 |
Isolation from brain tissue and initial characterization |
Pinealon (EDR) identified in brain tissue extracts by Khavinson group; demonstrated neuroprotective effects in vitro at 1-50 μM concentrations; reduced oxidative stress markers by 30-40% |
| 2009 |
Neuroprotection in ischemia models |
Pinealon administration (0.5 mg/kg daily for 10 days) reduced infarct volume by 35-45% in stroke models; upregulated antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase) and neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF) |
| 2014 |
Gene expression and molecular mechanisms |
Microarray analysis revealed pinealon modulated 62 brain-specific genes; primary effects on neuronal survival pathways (Bcl-2/Bax ratio), synaptic plasticity genes (Arc, Homer1), and mitochondrial function |
| 2018 |
Cognitive function and neuroplasticity |
Treatment with pinealon (0.5 mg/kg for 20 days) improved spatial memory in aged rodents by 25-30%; increased hippocampal dendritic spine density and enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) amplitude |
Mechanism of Action
| Biological Pathway |
Description |
| Tissue-Specific Bioregulation |
Tripeptide derived from brain tissue; exhibits tissue-specific effects on neurons and glial cells; proposed to interact with chromatin and gene regulatory elements |
| Gene Expression Modulation |
Influences expression of neuroprotective genes; upregulates neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF, GDNF); modulates oxidative stress response genes |
| Neuroprotection |
Reduces oxidative stress via antioxidant enzyme upregulation; protects against excitotoxicity and apoptosis; stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential |
| Synaptic Plasticity |
Enhances synaptic protein synthesis; increases dendritic spine formation; improves long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampus |
| Duration of Effect |
Cumulative effects over 10-20 days; molecular changes persist 2-4 weeks post-treatment; tripeptide metabolically stable |
Quality Control Parameters
| Test Method |
Acceptance Criteria |
| Appearance (visual) |
White to off-white powder; uniform fine texture |
| Reconstitution Test |
Complete dissolution within 30 seconds; clear colorless solution |
| RP-HPLC (purity) |
Main peak ≥98.0%; no single impurity >0.5% |
| ESI-MS (identity) |
[M+H]⁺ = 432.43 ± 0.3 Da confirmed |
| Amino Acid Sequence |
Confirmed EDR sequence by MS/MS fragmentation |
Bioregulator Tripeptide Family
| Bioregulator |
Sequence |
Target Tissue |
MW (Da) |
| Pinealon |
Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) |
Brain/CNS (neurons) |
432.43 |
| Cortagen |
Ala-Glu-Asp (AED) |
Brain cortex (cognitive) |
347.30 |
| Vesugen |
Lys-Glu-Asp (KED) |
Vascular endothelium |
375.37 |
| Vilon |
Lys-Glu (KE) |
Immune system (thymus-related) |
275.30 |
Structure-Activity Considerations
| Position |
Amino Acid |
Structural Role |
| 1 |
Glutamic acid (Glu) |
Acidic residue; potential for electrostatic interactions; N-terminal |
| 2 |
Aspartic acid (Asp) |
Acidic residue; central position; conformation influence |
| 3 |
Arginine (Arg) |
Basic residue; C-terminal; positive charge; receptor/DNA interaction |
| Net Charge |
Approximately neutral at physiological pH (2 acidic, 1 basic) |
Experimental Application Guidelines
| Model System |
Optimal Concentration/Dose |
Duration |
| Primary Neuronal Culture |
10-50 μM |
24-72 hours |
| Neuroblastoma Cell Lines |
1-100 μM |
24-96 hours |
| Acute Injury Models (rodent) |
0.5-1 mg/kg |
Single dose or 3-7 days |
| Chronic/Aging Models |
0.25-0.5 mg/kg |
10-20 day cycles |
Disclaimer: This product is intended for research use only. Not for human or veterinary diagnostic or therapeutic use. Pinealon is a synthetic bioregulator peptide for laboratory investigation.